Annotation of Linguistic and Conceptual Metaphor

The study of metaphor dates back to the times of Aristotle and touches on various aspects of human reasoning and multiple disciplines. Since the first inquiries, the theory of metaphor has evolved significantly under the influence of linguistic and psychological findings [3, 63, 31, 29, 25, 15, 4, 17, 18], and the establishment of the fields of artificial intelligence [2, 45], cognitive science [23] and neuroscience [13]. Following Aristotle’s Poetics, it is widely acknowledged across these disciplines that metaphor is based on analogy [14, 31, 21, 45, 11] and arises when one concept is viewed in terms of the properties of another. Humans often use metaphor to describe abstract concepts through reference to more concrete or physical experiences. Below are some examples of metaphor.